Jet fuel, often referred to as aviation turbine fuel (ATF), is a specialized type of fuel designed for use in jet engines and gas turbine aircraft. The most common type of jet fuel is a refined form of kerosene, specifically known as Jet A or Jet A-1.

Jet fuel is derived from crude oil through a refining process that involves distillation, cracking, and purification. Kerosene, a type of refined petroleum product, serves as the primary component of jet fuel. It's a hydrocarbon-based liquid fuel that typically consists of a mixture of straight-chain alkanes, typically containing hydrocarbons with carbon numbers in the range of C9 to C16.

Jet fuel needs to meet specific quality and performance standards to ensure safe and efficient operation of aircraft engines. The refining process aims to remove impurities and ensure the fuel's stability under various temperature conditions encountered during flight.

Jet A and Jet A-1 are similar in composition, but Jet A-1 has a lower freezing point and is used in colder climates. These fuels have high energy density, which makes them suitable for powering jet engines efficiently, providing the thrust necessary for flight.

Compared to gasoline, jet fuel has a higher flash point and a different set of additives to improve performance and safety in aircraft engines. Its formulation is carefully regulated to meet international standards established by organizations like the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

Overall, jet fuel, particularly Jet A and Jet A-1, plays a crucial role in the aviation industry, powering commercial and military aircraft worldwide.

Gasoline, also known as petrol in some regions, is a refined petroleum product derived from crude oil. It is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid primarily used as fuel in internal combustion engines in vehicles such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, and some small aircraft.

Gasoline is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, typically containing compounds like alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene. The specific composition of gasoline can vary depending on the crude oil source and the refining process used by different petroleum companies.

It's highly combustible and is used as a fuel due to its ability to power internal combustion engines efficiently. Gasoline is available in different grades or octane ratings, which determine its performance and combustion characteristics. Higher octane ratings generally indicate gasoline with better resistance to knocking or pre-ignition in high-performance engines.

Despite its widespread use, gasoline combustion releases carbon dioxide and other pollutants contributing to air pollution and climate change, which has led to efforts to find alternative fuels or cleaner technologies for transportation.

LPG stands for Liquefied Petroleum Gas. It's a versatile fuel used for various purposes, including heating, cooking, and as an alternative fuel for vehicles. LPG primarily comprises propane, butane, or a mixture of both gases. These gases are compressed and stored in a liquid state under moderate pressure.
The production of LPG involves refining crude oil or extracting natural gas. After extraction, the gases undergo purification processes to remove impurities and separate propane and butane from other hydrocarbons. The resulting LPG is stored and transported in specialized pressurized tanks or cylinders.

LPG is considered a clean-burning fuel compared to some other fossil fuels. It produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants per unit of energy released when compared to coal or oil. Its use can contribute to reducing air pollution and improving air quality, especially in areas where older, less efficient fuels are in use.
Overall, LPG is a widely used and versatile energy source with applications in various sectors, offering a cleaner alternative to some other fossil fuels for specific uses.